By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million (1)_____of these nations looked (2)_____to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian, Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence (3)_____the ideas of representative government, careers (4) _____to talent, freedom of commerce find trade, the (5)_____to private property; and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. (6)_____there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a (7)_____set of laws. On the issue of (8)_____of religion and the position of the church, (9)_____, there was less agreement (10)_____the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one (11)_____by the Spanish crown, (12)_____most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism (13)_____the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the (14)_____of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying (15)_____for the conservative forces. The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had (16)_____in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s (17)_____colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much (18)_____because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies (19)_____. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was (20)_____self-rule and democracy.

（3）处填入（）。