未知题型

For this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic Is Job - hopping Preferable? according to the following outline ( given in English ). Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember to write your composition on the Answer Sheet ! clearly and neatly.
1. Some people tend to stick to one job in their lives.
2. Other people prefer changing jobs constantly.
3. My opinion.
Is Job-hopping Preferable?

A.
B.
C.
D.

【参考答案】

Is Job - hopping Preferable? Many people are inclined to do ......

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SECTION 1 Compulsory Translation (30 points)
The Dreadlock Deadlock
In the fall of 1993 Christopher Polk transferred from FedEx's hub in Indianapolis to take over a delivery route in Flatbush District, Brooklyn, N.Y. But moving to the country's largest community of Caribbean and African immigrants only precipitated a far more profound journey. 'I was becoming culturally aware of the history of the black people,' says Polk, now 31, 'and that gave me these spiritual questions.' His answer came providentially, by way of a music video featuring Lord Jamai, who raps about the Rastafarian belief in the sanctity of dreadlocks —the cords of permanently interlocked strands first worn by African chiefs perhaps 6,000 years ago.
Now a practicing Rastafarian, Polk sports thick garlands that gently cascade onto his shoulders. 'Your hair is your covenant,' he says. 'Once you grow your locks, it puts you on a path.'
Unfortunately, that path was a collision course with Federal Express's grooming policy, which requires men to confine their dos to 'a reasonable style'. After years of deliberation, Polk's bosses gave him a choice: shear his locks or be transferred to a lower-paid job with no customer contact. He refused both options and was terminated in June 2000.
His tale is not unique. Although Rastafarians number about 5,000 nationally, today dreadlocks, twists or braids are at the height of fashion, nearly as common as Afros were 30 years ago. If Afros symbolized militancy, dreads signal a more spiritual self-declaration, a figurative locking with African ancestors. As Stanford professor Kennell Jackson, who teaches a course called 'African Coiffures and Their New World Legacies' puts it, 'There's a divinity to these locks.'
Divine or not, some employers consider them unacceptably outré. Six other New York-area FedEx employees have lost their jobs because of dreadlocks. They have sued, alleging religious discrimination; the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and New York's attorney general have also charged FedEx with violating religious protections in the Civil Rights Act.
The dreadlock deadlock may be easing. FedEx altered its policy slightly a few weeks ago: in the future, observant employees who seek a waiver may wear their locks tucked under uniform. hats, says a company spokeswoman. The concession isn't enough to settle the lawsuits yet. The EEOC also wants reinstatement for the fired drivers, says trial attorney Michael Ranis. He's optimistic. Some new styles, he knows, grow more appealing over time.

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It sometimes seems that plans for emissions trading are piling up even faster than the greenhouse gases they are designed to curb. In late July the first emission exchange in Australia and Canada opened, in anticipation of mandatory carbon-trading schemes in both countries. America already has a healthy voluntary carbon market, and will soon add an obligatory one for utilities in certain states. But the evidence from the most advanced such 'cap-and-trade' programme, the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), suggests that companies are struggling to make the most of carbon markets.
In theory, cap-and-trade schemes allow firms to reduce their emissions at the lowest possible cost. Governments put a limit on the amount firms can pollute, and issue an equivalent number of allowances. Those companies that find they do not have enough must either cut emissions or buy spare allowances from others. But for the system to work efficiently, firms must take advantage of all opportunities to reduce the costs of participation.
Not all of them do, however. Last year, after the price of European allowances plunged, New Carbon Finance, a research firm, and Cantor CO2e, a brokerage, surveyed 452 participants in the ETS. The price had fallen because it had become obvious that governments had issued too many allowances and the market would soon be flooded. Yet 31% of respondents with allowances to spare said they would not sell them until the end of 2006, just in case a last minute surge in their emissions left them short. Another 16% said they would wait until the end of this year, when the first phase of the ETS winds up. This caution has cost them dearly. The price of permits, which was roughly 15 ($19) at the time, is now less than 0.15 ( $0.21).
The root of the problem, says Guy Turner of New Carbon Finance, is that many companies view the ETS as a regulatory burden, rather than a chance to make money. They tend to put environmental experts, rather than financial whizzes, in charge of their participation in the scheme. The former, in turn, tend to concentrate on making sure that their firm has enough allowances, rather than on maximising their value. They are seldom used to trading, and are sometimes uncomfortable with the idea of 'profiteering' from a system designed to cut pollution. Moreover, they have little incentive to stick their necks out by proposing elaborate transactions in the carbon markets, since they are unlikely to be rewarded if they succeed, but risk dismissal if something goes wrong. Governments do not help matters by handing out allowances to polluters for free, giving them little incentive to capitalise on what are actually valuable assets.
James Emanuel of Cantor CO2e points to several signs that firms are not exploiting carbontrading opportunities to the full. One example is the difference in price between European allowances and Certified Emission Reductions (CERs), which are carbon credits derived from emissions cuts in poor countries. Under the ETS, CERs are interchangeable with European allowances, within certain limits. Yet they are much cheaper. Firms holding European allowances could sell them now, buy CERs instead, and pocket the difference. The persistent difference in price suggests that few are doing so.
By the same token, on the futures market, there is hardly any difference between the price of European allowances to be delivered in 2008 and those to be delivered in 2009. Since firms receive their allowances from governments more than a year before they actually need them for compliance purposes, they could sell them and sign a futures contract agreeing to buy the permits they need a year later, at only marginally higher cost. This is tantamount to taking out a loan at an enticingly low interest rate.
What is ETS? In what way does it help to reduce carbon emissions?

未知题型

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter —on behalf of the Students' Union and the Academic Lectures Association —to invite a visiting foreign professor, David, to deliver a presentation to the students in your university. You are NOT allowed to include the name of your university in this letter. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.
1. 对这位知名的外籍教授的到来表示欢迎
2．表达希望该教授就某个话题在学校进行讲座的希望和对讲座的一些基本设想
3．希望教授可以接受邀请，并对教授的宝贵时间表示感谢