单项选择题

Hardware networking devices operate within the protocol stack just like protocols them-selves.Thus，hardware networking devices can be associated with an OSI model layerrelated to the protocols they manage or control.At which layer of the OSI model does arouter operate？（）

A.Network layer
B.Layer 1
C.Transport layer
D.Layer 5

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单项选择题

Unfortunately，attackers have many options of attacks to perform against their targets. Which of the following is considered a denial-of-service （DoS）attack？（）

A.Pretending to be a technical manager over the phone and asking a receptionist to change their password
B.While surfing the web，sending to a web server a malformed URL that causes the system to consume 100 percent of the CPU
C.Intercepting network traffic by copying the packets as they pass through a specific subnet
D.Sending message packets to a recipient who did not request them，simply to be annoying

单项选择题

Some adversaries use DoS attacks as their primary weapon to harm targets，whereas othersmay use them as weapons of last resort when all other attempts to intrude on a target fail. Which of the following is most likely to detect DoS attacks？（）

A.Host-based IDS
B.Network-based IDS
C.Vulnerability scanner
D.Penetration testing

单项选择题

Which of the following types of access control seeks to discover evidence of unwanted，unau-thorized，or illicit behavior or activity？（）

A.Preventive
B.Deterrent
C.Detective
D.Corrective