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Background Information
Mergers and Acquisitions (abbreviated M&A) refers to the aspect of corporate strategy, corporate finance and management dealing with the buying, selling and combining of different companies that can aid, finance, or help a growing company in a given industry grow rapidly without having to create another business entity.
In business or economics a merger is a combination of two companies into one larger company. Such actions are commonly voluntary and involve stock swap or cash payment to the target. Stock swap is often used as it allows the shareholders of the two companies to share the risk involved in the deal. A merger can resemble a takeover but result in a new company name(often combining the names of the original companies)and in new branding; in some cases, terming the combination a "merger" rather than an acquisition is done purely for political or marketing reasons.
An acquisition, also known as a takeover or a buyout, is the buying of one company (the "target" )by another. An acquisition may be friendly or hostile. In the former case, the companies cooperate in negotiations; in the latter case, the takeover target is unwilling to be bought or the target’s board has no prior knowledge of the offer. Acquisition usually refers to a purchase of a smaller firm by a larger one. Sometimes, however, a smaller firm will acquire management control of a larger or longer established company and keep its name for the combined entity. The acquisition process is very complex, with many dimensions influencing its outcome.
The differences between mergers and acquisitions relate mainly to.
◆ the relative size of the individual companies in the business combination;
◆ ownership of the combined business;
◆ management control of the combined business.
Coke Bid for Juice Maker Turns Sour
The government rejected Coca-Cola’s plan to acquire beverage maker China Huiyuan Juice Group Ltd for ＄2.4 billion on Wednesday, citing the country’s anti-monopoly law.
The acquisition by Coca-Cola, announced last September, would have been the largest ever buyout of a Chinese company by a foreign rival.
The planned takeover violates the provisions of the Anti-Monopoly Law, the Ministry of Commerce (MOC) said in a statement, adding that it would have restricted competition and harmed the domestic juice industry.
"If the acquisition went into effect, Coca-Cola was very likely to reach a dominant position in the domestic market and consumers may have had to accept a higher price fixed by the company as they would not have much choice," the statement said.
The MOC launched an anti-trust investigation on Nov 11 to determine whether the acquisition would harm other rivals, consumer rights or technological innovation.
The bid was the first major deal to test the Anti-Monopoly Law, which took effect on Aug 1 last year. If passed, the deal would have been Coca-Cola’s largest overseas acquisition and the company would have been able to expand its dominant position in the carbonated drinks market to the juice market.
The ministry said that Coca-Cola and Huiyuan are major brands in the juice market, and therefore, the combination would have restricted competition in the industry and made it more difficult for other players to enter the sector.
The ministry said the deal would also have squeezed development space for other small- and medium-sized enterprises, and is not good for the development of the country’s juice industry.
Huiyuan said yesterday that it respects the decision made by the ministry, and production would continue as normal. The company’s share dived 19.24 percent to HK＄8.30 yesterday before trading was suspended shortly after the market opened in the morning.
Muhtar Kent, president and chief executive officer of Coca-Cola, said: "We are disappointed, but we also respect the MOC decision."
He said the company had put a tremendous effort into providing all the relevant materials to the MOC to ensure that they had all the information available and understood the transaction.
"We were looking forward to working with the excellent Huiyuan team to stimulate new growth for the Huiyuan brand."
He said the company will now focus all of its energies and expertise on growing existing brands and continuing to innovate with new brands, including in the juice segment.
Huang Wei, beverage analyst at China Jianyin Investment Securities, said: "The ministry’s decision is not surprising. But it’s not good for Huiyuan, whose market share will probably shrink as international players such as Coca-Cola invest more in the juice market."
Coca-Cola’s offer to buy the Hong-Kong listed company was seen as a major strategic move to tap China’s fast growing juice market.
While the world’s largest soft drink manufacturer dominates the carbonate market in China, its share in the juice market is relatively small.
On the other hand, Huiyuan is the largest juice beverage maker in China, with over 45 percent of the pure juice market in the country. It also controls more than a tenth of the Chinese fruit and vegetable juice market that grew 15 percent last year to ＄2 billion. Coca-Cola has a 9.7 percent market share and dominates in diluted juices.
China is Coca-Cola’s fourth-largest market and a key battleground with rival Pepsi Co. Inc.
Huiyuan’s founders and major shareholders had endorsed the sale as a way for the company to improve product development and marketing.
An MOC official said Coca-Cola had tried to address the negative effects on competition after it sought government approval for the deal in November, but its efforts did not meet the requirements of regulations.
"It is only an isolated case, and it does not suggest any change in China’s policy on foreign investors," the official said.
The MOC said it has investigated 29 proposed acquisitions under the anti-monopoly law since August and approved 24.
ExercisesⅠ. Match the word with the appropriate meaning.