判断题

结焦和生碳的机理不同，结焦是在较低的温度下通过芳烃的缩合而成，生碳是在较高的温度下，通过成乙炔的中间阶段，脱氢为稠和的碳原子。

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未知题型

If it weren&39;t for nicotine, people wouldn&39;t smoke tobacco. Why? Because of the more than 4,000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, nicotine is the primary one that acts on the brain, altering people&39;s moods, appetites and alertness in ways they find pleasant and beneficial. Unfortunately, as it is widely known, nicotine has a dark side: it is highly addictivE.Once smokers become hooked on it, they must get their fix of it regularly, sometimes several dozen times a day. Cigarette smoke contains 43 known carcinogens(致癌物质), which means that long-term smoking can amount to a death sentencE.In the US alone, 420,000 Americans die every year from tobacco-related illness.
Breaking nicotine addiction is not easy. Each year, nearly 35 million people make a concerted effort to quit smoking. Sadly, less than 7 percent succeed in abstaining for more than a year; most start smoking again within days. So what is nicotine and how does it insinuate(慢慢滋长) itself into the smoker&39;s brain?
The nicotine found in tobacco is a potent drag. Smokers, and even some scientists, say it offers certain benefits. One is enhanced performancE.One study found that non-smokers given doses of nicotine typed about 5 percent faster than they did without it. To greater or lesser degree, users also say nicotine helps them to maintain concentration, reduce anxiety, relieve pain, and even dampen their appetites(thus helping in weight control). Unfortunately, nicotine can also produce deleterious effects beyond addiction. At high doses, as are achieved from tobacco products, it can cause high blood pressure, distress in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems and an increase in susceptibility to seizures and hypothermia(体温降低).
First isolated as a compound in 1828, in its pure form. nicotine is a clear liquid that turns brown when burned and smells like tobacco when exposed to air. R is found in several species of plants, including tobacco and, perhaps surprisingly, in tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant(though in extremely low quantities that are pharmacologically insignificant for humans).
As simple as it looks, the cigarette is highly engineered nicotine delivery devicE.For instance, when tobacco researchers found that much of the nicotine in a cigarette wasn&39;t released when burned but rather remained chemically bound within the tobacco leaf, they began adding substances such as ammonia(氨水) to cigarette tobacco to release more nicotinE.Ammonia helps to keep nicotine in its basic form, which is more readily vaporized by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than the acidic form. Most cigarettes for sale in the US today contain 10 milligrams or more of nicotinE.By inhaling smoke from a lighted cigarette, the average smoker takes 1 or 2 milligrams of vaporized nicotine per cigarettE.Today we know that only a miniscule amount of nicotine is needed to fuel addiction. Research shows that manufacturers would have to cut nicotine levels in a typical cigarette by 95% to forestall its power to addict. When a smoker puffs on a lighted cigarette, smoke, including vaporized nicotine, is drawn into the mouth. The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some nicotine, but the remainder flows straight down into the lungs, where it easily diffuses into the blood vessels lining the lung walls. The blood vessels carry the nicotine to the heart, which then pumps it directly to the brain. While most of the effects a smoker seeks occur in the brain, the heart takes a hit as well. Studies have shown that a smoker&39;s first cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 beats a minutE.Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly than on swallowed, snorted(such as cocaine powder) or even injecteD.Indeed, a nicotine molecule inhaled in smoke will reach the brain within 10 seconds. The nicotine travels through blood vessels, which branch out into capillaries(毛细血管) with the brain.
Capillaries normally carry nutrients but they readily accommodate nicotine molecules as well. Once inside the brain， nicotine， like most addictive drugs， triggers the release of chemicals associated with euphoria and pleasurE.
Just as it moves rapidly from the lungs into the bloodstream， nicotine also easily diffuses through capillary walls. It then migrates to the spaces surrounding neurones – ganglion cells that transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system. These impulses are the basis for our thoughts， feelings， and moods. To transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour， a neurone releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. Like nicotine molecules， the neurotransmitters drift into the so－called synaptic space between neurones， ready to latch onto the receiving neurone and thus deliver a chemical “message” that triggers an electrical impulsE.
The neurotransmitters bind onto receptors on the surface of the recipient neuronE.This opens channels in the cell surface through which enter ions， or charged atoms， of sodium. This generates a current across the membrane of the receiving cell， which completes delivery of the “message”. An accomplished mimic， nicotine competes with the neurotransmitters to bind to the receptors. It wins and， like the vanquished chemical， opens ion channels that let sodium ions into the cell. But there’s a lot more nicotine around than the original transmitter， so a much larger current spreads across the membranE.This bigger current causes increased electrical impulses to travel along certain neurones. With repeated smoking， the neurones adapt to this increased electrical activity， and the smoker becomes dependent on the nicotinE.
1.Although nicotine is probably the well－known chemical in cigarettes， it is not necessarily the one that changes the psyche of the smoker when cigarettes are smoked
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
In spite of the difficulties, according to the text more than thirty-five million people a year give up smoking.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
It has been shown that nicotine in cigarettes can improve people&39;s abilities to perform. some actions more quickly.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
Ammonia added in cigarettes allows smokers to inhale more nicotinE.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
Snorted substances reach the brain faster than injected substances.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
Nicotine dilates the blood vessels that carry it around the body.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
Nicotine molecules allow greater electrical charges to pass between neurones.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
Cigarette companies would have to cut the nicotine content in cigarettes by ______ to prevent them from being addictivE.
According to the passage, a cigarette can raise a smoker&39;s heart rate by ______ a minutE.
In order to transmit nerve impulses to its neighbor, a neurone sends ______ known as neuron-transmitters.
请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

未知题型

某设备监理公司承揽了某设备安装工程的全过程监理任务。由于该工程结构复杂，试制周期长，而且又是一次性生产的设备，所以监理单位高度重视开发设计过程的质量监理，采取了各种有效的质量监理手段和方法，努力提高开发设计的质量水平。
问题：
1．设备的开发设计包括哪几个阶段?
2．监理工程师对设备设计质量监理的主要根据是什么?
3．监理工程师对设备设计质量监理的主要依据有哪些?
4．绘出设备设计过程质量监理的工作程序。

未知题型

What should students bring with them to the exams?
Students should bring ________ with them.